Quiz Focus Points (keep in mind, I may add more or change some up to 2 days before a quiz!)

Special Senses

1. On a diagram, be able to identify/label/briefly describe structures of the special senses: cornea, iris, lens, sclera, retina, pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, semicircular canals, vestibule, organ of Corti, cochlea, hair cells, tectorial membrane, olfactory nerves, nasal cavity, papillae of the tongue (don't need to know different types).

Endocrine

1. On a diagram, be able to identify endocrine structures (whole organs) and provide one example of a hormone secreted by each.

2. Be able to match the following terms with the appropriate endocrine organ: follicles (2 possible organs), islets of Langeherhans, Zona fasciculata, infundibulum, epithalamus, adenohypophysis.

3. Briefly describe what is meant by a "2nd messenger," provide (name) one example, and name the hormone classes that use 2nd messengers. You will NOT need to describe the entire process for the quiz (save that for the exam!)

4. Briefly describe 3 general effects a hormone can have on a target cell (under "hormone action, what they cause cells to do" in my notes).

5. Know which classes of hormones are able to diffuse into cells and which use 2nd messenger systems

6. Be able to choose 4 hormones and: name each, name the class each belongs to (aa, peptide or steroid), name one function of each, state whether the release of each is directed by a hypothalamic hormone, a pituitary hormone, or directly by a change in homeostasis.

For example, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone is a peptide hormone that causes the release of thyroid hormones. It is released in response to Thyroid Releasing Hormone from the hypothalamus.

7. Be able to provide an example of each of the following: a steroid hormone, a peptide hormone, a biogenic amine (amino acid derivative) hormone

8. Be able to briefly describe the hypophyseal portal system: what a portal system is, what this particular portal system delivers, which part of the brain sends hormones into the system and which part of the brain receives those hormones

9. Be able to name a hormone that is released from each of the following areas: adrenal cortex, kidneys, heart, pancreas, neurohypophysis.

10. Be able to identify the histology of each of the following: pituitary gland, pancreas/islets of Langerhans, adrenal glands/medulla/cortex, thyroid gland/follicles

Blood

1. Know how erythrocyte structure relates to function

2. Be able to list each of the blood cells that come from the myeloid stem line and provide one general function. Be able to do the same for the blood cells from the lymphoid stem line.

3. Be able to predict whether blood transfusions would be compatible based on the blood type of the donor and recipient; be able to identify a blood type when told the results of a blood test (ex, unknown blood is added to antiserum A, B and Rh. Agglutination occurs with antiserum A and Rh. What's the blood type?). Easy pie, yum my favorite! :)

4. Be able to identify the histology of red blood cells and white blood cells

Heart

1. Be able to identify structures of the heart from a diagram (only those structures from my lecture and the list of gross anatomical structures). Also be able to identify the great vessels (inferior and superior vena cavae, aorta, pulmonary veins, pulmonary arteries), the layers of the heart, and the visceral and parietal pericardium. For the valves, just be able to identify right and left AV valves and semilunars; don't need to know bicuspid, tricuspid or mitral.

2. Be able to diagram and describe the flow of blood through the heart, including which vessels deliver blood to the heart, where that blood comes from (body or lungs); and which vessels receive blood from the heart, and where that blood goes (body or lungs). Know which great vessels deliver blood from body and lungs, and which vessels take blood to body and lungs.

3. Be able to describe how the AV and semilunar valves function.

Vessels

1. Be able to identify the blood vessels from the vessels list ("handouts" section on my website) on a diagram.

2. Be able to identify the coronary arteries and coronary sinus.

3. Be able to identify and describe the tunics of a blood vessel.

Immune System

1. Be able to diagram and describe the structure of an antibody

2. Be prepared to list and briefly describe the 5 antibody classes

3. Be able to describe how each of the following contributes to body defenses, and state which cell/s release them, or where they come from: a) Interferons, b) Complement, c) Interleukin-1 (just name the one role I mentioned), d) Perforins, e) Antibodies, f) Histamine, g)Thymosins

4. Be able to identify the major lymphatic organs/tissue clusters on a diagram of a person (thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer's patches)

5. Be able to recognize a diagram of a lymph node, and generally describe how the structure of a lymph node is beneficial to its function.

Respiratory

1. Be able to identify respiratory structures (all mentioned in notes) on a diagram, and briefly explain their functions.

2. Be able to identify: nasal cavity, pharynx sections, epiglottis, vocal cords, arytenoid cartilages, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, "smaller" bronchi (primary through tertiary, but don't need to say specifically), bronchioles, alveoli.

3. Know the 3 components of the respiratory membrane

4. Know the epithelial types of: nasal cavity, oropharynx, trachea, alveoli.

5. Be able to identify the histology of alveoli/alveolar sacs.

Digestive

1. Know the 5 types of digestive enzymes introduced at the beginning of the digestive system lecture. Know what each hydrolyzes, and know the products of that hydrolysis (only in the detail described in my notes).

2. Be able to identify gross anatomical structures from the digestive system: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, rugae, esophageal sphincter, pyloric sphincter, small intestine, plicae, hepatopancreatic sphincter, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, ileocecal valve, cecum, colon, rectum, haustra

3. Be able to identify anatomical structures/sections from the digestive system from the "Gross Anatomical Structures" handout. Structures that will NOT be on the quiz are: stomach greater, lesser curvatures, body, cardia, fundus; teeth plaque, gingiva; lobes of liver

4. Be able to identify the layers of the GI wall (mucosa, etc).

5. Be able to identify the layers of folding of the small intestine (plicae, etc).

6. Be able to identify liver lobules: central vein, hepatocytes, sinusoids, portal triad, direction of blood flow vs. bile flow.

7. Be able to list several functions of hepatocytes.

8. Know what each of the major digestive enzyme classes (amylases, lipases, proteases, peptidases, maltase, lactase, sucrase) works on, and what each produces (ex, amylase hydrolyzes starch into maltose). Know where in the digestive tract each is located (Your choices are: mouth, stomach, small intestine lumen or brush border)

9. Be able to describe how triglycerides are absorbed, starting with a micelle in the lumen of the small intestine and ending at the left subclavian vein.

10. Be able to identify villi, liver and pancreas histology (just be able to identify the organs, no detail within... I'll use drawings for that, see above)

Metabolism

1. Be able to compare and contrast glycolysis and aerobic respiration: where they occur, how many ATP per glucose, aerobic or anaerobic, which can process fatty acids.

2. Be able to LIST (in temporal order) the 4 processes used to extract energy from glucose (one of them doesn't have a name, it's just an intermediate step).

3. Know the function of NAD, FAD and coenzymeA.

4. Be prepared to list 3 SPECIFIC substances ("certain amino acids" isn't specific enough) that CAN be used for gluconeogenesis and one specific substance that cannot be used for gluconeogenesis.

5. Know the purpose of the TCA cycle.

6. Know where/how fatty acids enter ATP production.

7. Be able to state the dominant hormones and events of the absorptive and post-absorptive states. Would you expect more ketone bodies to be produced during the absorptive or post-absorptive state?

Urinary

1. Be able to identify anatomical structures from the urinary system: structures of the kidneys (only those listed in lecture/handouts), blood vessels of the kidneys (only those mentioned in the lecture notes, including the arterioles and capillary beds) parts of nephrons (renal corpuscle: Bowman's capsule, glomerulus, podocytes, filtration membrane, visceral epithelium; PCT; loop of Henle; DCT; collecting duct), ureters, bladder, and urethra.

2. Know, generally, what happens in each of the sections of the nephron, in terms of: where filtration occurs, where most reabsorption occurs, what substance is reabsorbed at the thin limb of the loop of Henle and the thick limb of the loop of Henle, and which sections are most sensitive to hormones. (Don't worry about HOW those things are accomplished; save that for the exam)

Reproductive

1. Be able to identify structures of male and female anatomy. Use the Gross Anatomical Structures handout as a guideline.